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WHO has suggested frequent and proper hygiene practices. Respiratory issues and diarrhea are some indications for COVID-19 infection observed both in hospital and family/community settings (Chan et al. Therefore, behavior and persistence of this new virus in the water cycle need to be understood to stop further spreading of the infection. Limited knowledge of SARS-COV-2 viability, its presence in excreta, and a subsequent possible pathway to sewage systems can eventually lead to unwarranted spread. Both asymptomatic as well as symptomatic patients can shed viruses via feces that ultimately go to sewage treatment plants (STPs) (Haramoto et al. These COVID-positive but asymptomatic patients can also contribute toward further transmission during the asymptomatic period (Zhou et al. Many COVID-19 infected personnel have been diagnosed with no apparent symptoms. However, the presence of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the feces or rectal swab of infected patients has demanded rigorous quantitative testing for the occurrence and survival of SARS-CoV-2 virus in water environments (Zhang et al. For the time being, the information regarding occurrence and survival of SARS-CoV-2 virus in water environments is unclear. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2 can also persist on many surfaces increasing the chance of its further transmission through these contaminated fomites (van Doremalen et al. Previously identified coronaviruses have been reported to persist on surfaces like metal, glass or plastic etc.
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Similarities with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2003) and Middle East Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV-2012) in respect to their transmission to humans, SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as the third extremely pathogenic virus in last two decades (Otter et al. The viral outbreak (COVID-19, name given by World Health Organization, WHO) has infected more than 100 million confirmed cases with ~ 2.2 million deaths across the world (as of January 27, 2021) (WHO 2021). The ongoing emergence of novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has aroused widespread fear and created a threat to global health security (Wuhan Municipal Health Commission 2020). The need for the development of robust sampling strategies and subsequent detection methodologies and challenges for developing countries are also discussed. Given the impracticality of testing every citizen with limited diagnostic resources, it is imperative that sewage-based epidemiology can be tested as an early warning system. Tracking the sewage systems could act as an early warning tool for alerting the public health authorities for necessary actions. Monitoring of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) via sewage-based epidemiology could deliver promising information regarding rate of infection providing a valid and complementary tool for tracking and diagnosing COVID-19 across communities. This review summarizes the occurrence and persistence of novel coronavirus in sewage with an emphasis on the possible water environment contamination. Pieces of evidence of the occurrence of viral RNA in feces and municipal wastewater (sewage) systems have not only warned reinforcing the treatment facilities but also suggest that these systems can be monitored to get epidemiological data for checking trend of COVID-19 infection in the community.
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Presence of SARS-CoV-2 in human feces and its passage to sewage system is an emerging concern for public health. Transmission of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in humans happens either through airway exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected patient or by touching the virus contaminated surface or objects (fomites).